Álvaro Siza ºñ¿¡ ¶ó¿Í ±×ÀÇ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ
³»°¡ óÀ½ ±×ÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ Åä·Ð¿¡¼ ÀÚÁÖ Àοë : ÇÑ Siza ½º½º·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸àÅä Æä¸£³ Tavora, [...]: ÀÇÇØ ÀϺΠ³»¿ëÀ» °í·ÁÇÏ¿© Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ÀÇ °ÇÃà°¡ ¾Ë¹Ù SizaÀÇ ÀÛǰ ³» ³íÀǸ¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°í ½Í½À´Ï´Ù
³» ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³´Â »çÀüµÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù - ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¼³¸³Çϰųª ¾ð¾î¸¦ È®¸³ ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÀ´äÀÔ´Ï´Ù, ¾î¶² º¯È¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â »óȲ ... ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³¿¡¼, ¿ì¸®´Â À̹ÌÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È ¿ì¸®´Â ±× ¾ð¾îÀÇ ´Ü°áÀ» ´Ù ÇØ°á µÉ °Å¶ó »ý°¢ À§»óÀ» Àü´ÞÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÑ ÀÏ Pre - ¾ð¾î, ¼ø¼öÇϰí, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¼³¸³, ³ª¿¡°Ô °ü½ÉÀ»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.
- ¾Ë¹Ù Siza (1978) [ÇÇÅÍ Testa, °ÇÃà ¾Ë¹Ù Siza (Æ÷¸£Åä, Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ : Faculdade 01 Arquitectura ´Ù Universidade ³â), p. Æ÷¸£Åõ, 1968? 39]
»ç¶÷µéÀº °ú°ÅÀÇ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ·Î º¹±Í ¿ËÈ£Çϰųª Çö´ë °ÇÃà°ú Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Urbanism ºÎŹ ³ª»Û °æ·Î¿¡ÀÖ´Ù ... "½ºÅ¸ÀÏ"ÇÏÁö Á߿伺 Áß ÇϳªÀ̸ç, ¹«¾ùÀ» °ÇÀÇ ÀÛǰ°ú »ý¸í »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è, ½ºÅ¸Àϸ¸À» °á°úÀÔ´Ï´Ù ±×°Í.
- Æä¸£³µµ Tavora (1962) [ÆÄ¿ï ¹Ù·¼ °í¸Þ½º, "Äõ¶ß·¹ Batailles ¾û Faveur µðºÎ Àϰ³ °ÇÃà Portuguaise"Europalia 91 : Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ Æ÷ÀÎÆ® 01 Repere : °ÇÃà µÚ Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ (ºê·ò¼¿ : Fondation ³â), PP ³ °ÇÃà, 1991 º×´Â´Ù. 41-42 [³» ¹ø¿ª]
[...] ¼¼ ¹®Àå °ø°³ °¨Á¤ÀÇ È帧°ú ±× ¾ð¾îÀÇ ÀǽÉÀÌÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢. [...] ¾ð¾î´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ³í¸®°¡ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °æÇèÀ» Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ °üÇÑ À̾߱⸦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÆÇ»ç´Â »ç°Ç, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¨Á¤À» Ç¥ÃâÇß´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ð¾îÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»¾¸ÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø. »îÀÇ ¾îµÎ¿î ¾×ü ¿ªµ¿ ¾ð¾îÀÇ Áغñ °õÆÎÀÌ·Î ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¼³µæÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ¾î¶² ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖÁö ºÎ¾î ¼Ó¿´´Ù. ¿ì¸® ÀλýÀÇ À̺¥Æ®¸¦ ¾Ë·Á ¼¼ú ±¸Á¶ÀÇ ÇüÅ¿¡ °É¸±. ¿ì¸®´Â a bildungsroman, ¸á·Î ¿µÈ ¶Ç´Â ¼±ÀüÀ¸·Î »îÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ »îÀÇ Çà»ç¿¡ »ó»ó. Áغñ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¤¼ÀÇ À̸§°ú ¿ì¸®, »ç¶ûÀ» ±×¸®¿ö, ±×¸®°í Ȱ¡ ¼ºÀå - ¹¹µç - Á¤±³ÇÑ ³»¿ª¿¡ ¿¬°áµÈ ´Ü¾î¿¡ µû¶ó ±× À̸§ÀÌ Á¤¼. ÀÇ¹Ì - ½ÉÁö¾î´Â Ãʺ¸ÀûÀÎ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ´Ü¾î·Î Àü´Þ - ƯÁ¤ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºÐÇҵǸç, ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ ¾ð¾î·Î ¹ø¿ª¿¡¼ ½±°Ô º¸¿©ÁÝ °£´ÜÇÑ ½Ãµµ·Î. ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ preformed ÆÐÅÏÀÇ ¸ÔÀ̰¨ÀÌ ¶³¾îÁö°í ÀÖ°í, ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ »îÀÇ intimations ÀǽÄÀÇ ÁöÆò¼±¿¡ »ý°¢ÀÇ ¹üÀ§ ¹Û ½¬¸Ó. [...]
¾Ë¹Ù SizaÀÇ Æä¸£³µµ TavoraÀÇ Áø¼úÀÌ ¹º°¡ À¯»çÇÑ ±¸Á¶¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇß½À´Ï´ÙÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù. Tavora ±×´Â "½ºÅ¸ÀÏ,"Ç¥ÇöÀº Á¤¸» ´õ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î º¸Àδ٠- ±×·± Àǹ̷Πº¸Àδ٠ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ Ç¥Çö¿¡ ºÒ°ú flourishes ¾î¶² Åëȸ¦ °ÅºÎÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ´ë½Å "Àϰú »î »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°èÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀÌ µÉ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÇϽôõ±º¿ä."Siza, Æä¸£³µµ Tavora°ú Æò»ý Ä£±¸, ÀçÅÁ ÀÌÀü °ÇÃà°¡ÀÇ Á¤¼ÀÇ Çлý : ""»çÀü - ¼³¸³µÈ ¾ð¾î¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ°í ´äº¯À» Ãß±¸ "±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦´Â º¯È¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â »óȲ."°ÇÃà ¾ç½Äµµ ¾îµð ¿¡¼±°¡ À¯ÅäÇǾƿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ »ó¼ÓÀ̳ª ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ ¸ñÇ¥Áö¸¸, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ¼ºÀåÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í, ±×¸®°í ±× ¿ä±¸¸¦ '»óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ë ¿ì¸®ÀÇ È¯°æ, ±×¸®°í ´ëºÎºÐÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î (ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ´ëºÎºÐ ¸·¿¬È÷)¿Í ÇÔ²² ¿ì¸®´Â ´©±¸Àΰ¡.
¾ÆÁ÷ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇմϱî? ±×°ÍÀº À¯»çÇÑ ¾ß¸Á Æú¶ô, Ŭ¶óÀÎ, 01 Kooning, µîµîÀÇ "¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¾×¼Ç ÆäÀÎÆÃ"À» °üÂû ÀÛ¿ë, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¨ÇǾð°ú Æò·Ð°¡°¡ ³¯ ±â¾ïÀÌ ³³´Ï ´Ù¸¸, ÇØ·Ñµå ·ÎÁ¨¹ö±×. ±×´Â óÀ½ ¼Ò°³µÈÀÌ ±×¸²Àº "âÁ¶ÀÇ ¸Þ¼Òµå - ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀ̳ª ¸ð¾ç strove »çÁøÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇß´Ù."[Çì·²µå ·ÎÁ¨¹ö±×´Â "°³³äÀ» ¾×¼Ç ÆäÀÎÆÃÀÇ"¾ÆÆ®¿÷¿Í ÆÐŰÁö (½ÃÄ«°í : ½ÃÄ«°í ´ëÇÐÀÇ º¸µµ ÀÚ·á, 1969), ÇÇ 213]. ±× ±×¸²À» »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ¹Ì¸® À̹ÌÁöÀÇ ¹è¹ÝÇÏ´Â ¾Ð·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸öÁþÀÇ ±â·Ï unmediatedÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ±×¸²Àº, Æ®·¢ Çǰܵΰíó·³ ÆîÃÄÁø »î ÀÚü¸¦ ±â·ÏÇß´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ÀÌ °ü°è¿¡¼ °ÇÃàÀ», ±×°ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿¹¼úÀ» ÀǹÌÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í °èȹµÈ? óÀ½¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ¹«½ÂºÎ¸¦, ±×¶§ ´©±º°¡ÀÇ Áö½Ã¿¡ ¾çÀÇ ¾î¶² ºôµåÇØ¾ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³µµ ¸Å¿ì ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤µµ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ìÀº "³»ÀåÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ» ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î"±×¸²À» ¹Ù²Ù¾îº¸½Ê½Ã¿À contrivancesÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ±× ƯÇã. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áø¼ú, ¶Ç´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¾ß¸Á, °ÇÃà°ú °ü·Ã, ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ±×µéÀÌ ¸¶Ä§³» ¾Ë¹Ù·ÎÇß´Ù SizaÀÇ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϰí, ¿ì¸®´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ º´·Ä ³»¿ªÀ» ÃßÀûÇØ¾ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ù ¹øÂ°´Â ÀÌÇØ Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¾î °ÇÃà°¡ÀÇ ÀÌÀü ¼¼´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °³¹ßµÈ - ´©±¸ °¡¿îµ¥ Tavora, Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒ - Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¾î ƯÀ¯ÀÇ °ÇÃàÀÇ Àç»ý°ú ¿µÇâ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢À»Çß´Ù. Çʿ䰡 Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ½º·¹µå´Â °ÇÃà ¿ª»ç »êÃ¥±æÀÇ °³¹ß¿¡ °üÇÑ : ¸ð¹ÙÀÏ ÇÇ»çüÀÇ °³³ä¿¡´Â ÇÇ»çüÀÇ º¯È Àνİú °ÇÃà °´Ã¼ÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ Áß¿ä °³³äÀû ÆÇ·Ê¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼³Á¤µË´Ï´Ù ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸£ CorbusierÀÇ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ »õ°ÜÀÖ´Ù.
Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ÀÇ 1940 ³â´ë¿Í 1950 ³â´ëÀÇ¿¡¼ µÎ ³ª¶óÀÇ ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³ °³¹ß °ÇÃà°¡°¡ ºñ¾îÀÖ´Â ¹®Ã¼ ÆÐÅÏÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾îÁú »· Àû¾îµµ Çϳª ÀÌ»óÀÇ ±×·ìÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ ±íÀ̸¦ ºô·Á Áá´Ù. the ¿¡½ºÅ¸µµ ³ëº¸ÀÇ ÆÄ½Ã½ºÆ® µ¶Àç (Á¤±Ç ºÒ·¶´Ù)Àº ±×µéÀº µ¿Áú »óÅ ¹æ½Ä - ±â³äºñ, ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÛÀº ÆÛÁö°Ô ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ» ¶§ ÂüÁ¶¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Á¼Àº ¹üÀ§¸¦ äÅÃÇß´Ù; ÁØ - ¿Ü°ü¿¡ ½Å°íÀüÁÖÀÇdz;¿¡ ±â´É¼º Çö´ë °í·Á. ÆÄ½Ã½ºÆ® Àͼ÷ÇÑ ÆÐÅÏ¿¡ µû¶ó, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿Á¾ ¹× ´ÜÀÏ Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ÀÇ ´Üµ¶°ú µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·ÎÀÌ ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³ proffered. ±×°Ç »ó°üÀÌ ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³´Â °ú°ÅÀÇ ¹öÀüÀ» Çö´ëÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ¿ä±¸¿Í »óÅÂÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ¿µ¿õ¿¡¼ µµÃâ - Ç¥Çö, ÀÛÀº ¾î¶²Àº ±×°ÍÀ» À§ÇØ ±× ÇÕ¹ý¼ºÀ» ²ø¾ú´Ù Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¾î ÀüÅë °ÇÃàÀÇ ´àÀºÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ¾Æ¹öÁö Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ ±¹°¡ ´ëÇ¥ÀÇ Å»À» ¾²°í ³ª¶óÀÇ Ç¥Çö ±×³É °¡Á·À̾ú´Ù °æ¿ì È®ÀåµÈ Çö½Ç Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϹǷΠ³Ê¹« ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³ Àΰø ¹®Ã¼ µ¿Áú¼º À§ÀÓÀå ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¾î¶² Àǹ̿¡¼ ±¹°¡, ¾ð¾î, ÀÎÁú°ú ¾ð¾îÀÇ ¹è¹ÝÀÇ ÀÇȤÀ» °úÀå ±ä±Þ ºô·ÁÁá. [³» ³íÀïÀÇ ¿ª»ç´Â ¿©±â¿¡ Å©°Ô ÆÄ¿ï ½º·¹µå ¹Ù·¼ °í¸Þ½ºÇÏ¿© ¹®¼, "Äõ¶ß·¹ Batailles ko¸¦ Faveur µðºÎ Àϰ³ °ÇÃà Portuguaise,"ppÀ» ²ö´Ù. 30-62]
µÎ ¹øÂ°´Â °³¹ß ±¹°¡¿¡¼ ¹Î°£ ¹× »ó¾÷¿ë °Ç¹°ÀÇ Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼ Ȱµ¿ÁßÀÎ ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ Å« ¼ýÀÚ¿Í Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¿¡ ÁÖÅà ¶Ç´Â ºñÁî´Ï½º ±¸ÃàÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°£´Ù -°¡ Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¿¡¼ Áö¼Ó ÆÐÅÏ - °Ý·ÁÇß´Ù ¿À´Ã³¯ ¸¹Àº ¼öÀÔ °ÇÃà ¾ç½Ä °Ç¹°ÀÇ °Ç¼³. ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î, ±âÈÄ,, ±â¼ú ¼ÒÀç µµ½Ã, ´Ù¾çÇÑ »çȸÀû »óȲ ³»¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÇ »Ñ¸®, ±×¸®°í ¸¹Àº ¸¶À»°ú Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ÀÇ countrysidesÀÇ ´ëÁ¶ ±ÕÀÏ, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °Ç¹°ÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ±â±«ÇÑ °ÔÀçÇß´Ù.
°ÇÃà°¡, Ãʱâ Keil Amaral ÀÇÇØ ÁÖµµ ÀúÀå Tavora µî, ÀüÅëÀûÀΠƯÀ¯ÀÇ °ÇÃàÀÇ ¸ðµ¨·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î¿ä? ±×µéÀº ±¸Á¦´Â ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº °á±¹ Arquitectura Àα⠾ȿ¡ Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥, ÀÌ´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¹®¼È, Áö¿ªº°·Î Á¶»ç Áö¿ªÀ̶ó´Â µÎ²¨¿î »ý»ê, Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¿¡¼ ƯÀ¯ÀÇ °ÇÃàÀÇ Ç°Á¾. ±×µéÀº ƯÀ¯ÀÇ ¸®Á¶Æ®¾øÀÌ °Ç¹°ÀÇ "½ºÅ¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±Ô¹ü"»ó¼ö "¶ó°íÇÏ´Â ÇüÅ·Î,"°Å³ª ¹«¾ùÀ» ã¾Ò´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀº µµ¼ÀÇ º»¹® ³»¿¡, ±×µéÀº À¯ÇüÀÇ Á߿伺À» ºÎÁ¤ÇÒ µµÀÔ¿¡ typologies Â÷Æ®. ±×µéÀº ±× Á¾·ù¿¡¼ "Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¾î ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃ³"¸ð»öÇϰí ÄÚµå·Î reified ¼öµµ¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸ðµ¨°ú ÇÔ²² ¸Ã°å°Åµç °ÆÁ¤ÇϰíÀÖ´Ù. ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ µµ¸Á ´ä´äÇÑÇÏ°í ¹è½ÅÇÑ codifications ¾ð¾îÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×·¸°Ô °Ç¹°, ºñ·ÏÇÏÁö À¯Çü ¶Ç´Â ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ °ÇÃà ¿ä¼Ò¿¡, °æÇâ Á¤µé°Ô¿Í Â÷·Ê "¹Ù·ÎÅ©ÀÇ °â¼Õ"ƯÁ¤ ÇüÁúÀÇ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ¿ì¸® ±¹¹Î "ÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀº"¹º°¡¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇϰíÀÖ´Ù. Á¤È®È÷ ±× ¾î¶² °ø½ÄÀûÀΠƯ¼º - µî°í¼±ÀÇ ´Ü¼øÈÇØ¾ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î - ÀϺη¯ ³²°Ü ³²¾Æ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ´ë½Å¿¡, ±×µéÀº Áö¸®Àû ¿äÀΰú ÇÔ²² ±× °Ç¹°¿¡ÀÖ´Â "¾ö°ÝÇÑ »óÈ£ °ü°è" "»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °æÁ¦Àû ¹× »çȸÀû Á¶°ÇÀ» ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù."±×µéÀÌ "´Ü¼øÈ÷ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀΠǥÇö, ħÀÔµµ preoccupations¾øÀÌ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ü°èÀÇ ¸íÈ®Çϰí Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀ» ±³¶õÇϰíÀÖ´Ù. "[Arquitectura Àα⠾ȿ¡ Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥ (¸®½ºº» : Sindicato Nascional) Arquitectos, 1961 º£½ºÆ®. ¸Å¼ö µµ¼ÀÇ ¼Ò°³ÀÇ ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡¼ ÀÏÀÏÀÌ ¼¼ÁöÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ø¿ªÀº ³» °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.]
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[...]ÀÌ ±â°£Àº ±¸¹®ÀÇ 01 Stijl ij¸¯ÅÍÀÇ ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Àι°ÀÇ ±×·ìÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼ ¿¬µ¿ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À̰ÍÀº º¸¾Æ ³ë¹Ù Ƽ ÇϿ콺 (1958-63)°ú °°Àº ÀÛǰÀÇ °æ¿ì, ÄÚ½ºÅ¸ ¾Ëº£½º Áý (1964), »êÅä ¾Ëº£½º ÇϿ콺 (1966-69), ±×¸®°í Riberio È£»þ ÇϿ콺 (1960-62). °¢ Á» ´õ "°ÇÃà Æ¯Á¤"¹®ÀÚ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦¾ÈÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® : ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®, ¼¼¶ó¹Í ŸÀÏÀÇ ÁöºØ Åõ¼ö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Á» ´õ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¾îÈÖ¸¦ äÅÃ; °´½Ç°ú °ø°£ÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î üÀû ¼öÄ¡µµ ´õ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ Æó¼â°¡ ÃßõµË´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼öÄ¡ Ãà¾àÇÏ´Â ¾ç½Ä¿¡ ¸í½ÃµÈ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ °¢°¢ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ : ±×µéÀ» ¿°í "L'ÀÖ´Ù"Á¶°¢³ "L' º¸¾ÆÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³ë¹Ù, ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖÅÿ¡¼,"ºÒÆò µîÇÑ - 3 -, ¶Ç´Â »ç°¢Çü ÀϹæÀûÀ¸·Î Ä¡¿ìÄ£ ´õ ¾î·Á¿ö ´Ù¸¥ -·Î - À̸§ ÆÄÆí»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °£´ÜÇÑ Á÷¼± ¼¼±×¸ÕÆ® º®, ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ºÙ¾îÀÖ´Ù. °³¹æÇü Àλç´Â ¼·Î »çÀ̰¡ ÈĹÎÁø°ú °ãĨ´Ï´Ù.
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¼ö¿µÀå Leca¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, Áý¾ÈÀÇ ±¸¹® ÄÚ½ºÅ¸ ´Ù°ø¼º °ø°£ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »çÀÌÆ®ÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äÀÇ Åõ¸í¼º, Á¤¸» ¼öÄ¡´Â ÁÖÅÃÀÇ ÁÖ°Å °ø°£À» µ¿ºÀÀÇ ¿ÍÁß¿¡¼ ±× ºÐ¾ßÀÇ °³³äÀû Á¸Àç´Â, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °³ÀÔ ""»çÀÌÆ®¿¡ ¿ÀÇ ½ºÄÉÄ¡·Î °èÃþÀ¸·Î ÁýÀ» ¼±¹° »çÀÌÆ® -ÇÏ°í µû¶ó¼ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼ °í°íÇÐ ÀºÀ¯ÀÇ Áö¼Ó¼º.
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Áý ¾ÈÀ¸·Î percourse ´Ù¸¥ Ư¼ö¼ºÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¼¼¶ó¹Í ±â¿Í ÁöºØÀÇ ¸í¹éÇÑ ÀνÀ°ú °æ°è ¼öÄ¡ÀÇ ±â´ë°¡ ±× Çϳª´Â °Ç¹°À» ÅëÇØ Á» ´õ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÆÐÅÏ¿¡¼ ¿òÁ÷ÀÏ °¡´É¼ºµµ ÀÚ¶ø´Ï´Ù. Yet instead of, for instance, passage into a bounded room through a cut in the wall—a threshold, that is—at the front and back doors a person would, as the space described above did, move between the fragmentary figures as if they were a landscape of ruins. Here we begin to see a theme that will develop with more didactic clarity in the succeeding projects, but the notion of how the subject is placed in contrast to the weight of latent conventions of architectural figures begins to emerge. The split between how human movement and perception is orchestrated in contrast to certain conventionally apparent orders of the architecture begin to create an architectural corollary to the sketches we have described.
From the 1970s Siza's work begins to exhibit more explicit uses of type. In projects for housing we see a pattern of siedlungen-like town houses (the SAAL housing at Bouca, 1973-1977; Sao Victor, 1974-1977, both in Oporto; and housing in Caxinas, 1970-1972). In several other projects we begin to see the repeated use of U-shaped courtyard schemes (the Pavilhao da Faculdade de Arquitectura, 1984, the Carlos Siza house, 1976-1978, and the Escola Superior de Educacao in Setubal, 1986-1992).
Certainly, the concept of type is tricky and has changed over time. But let us say, for instance, that the ¡°U¡± that appears many times in Siza's work is a configuration of form that wakes in us a chain of associations with other like configurations. It tends to be nameable, because it is that very characteristic—that it belongs to a category—that constitutes the being of types. What I have referred to as syntax in the case of the pool does not constitute a nameable configuration. It is more in the nature of a strategy or pattern of form than a nameable entity as a type must be. Thus although Siza was using such syntactical patterns, he was able to avoid a certain aspect of that initial anxiety about preestablished languages. Flexible spatial patterns appear to be more spontaneous and less burdened by history.
Yet because the type has a certain integrity as a conceptual category, it also implies a kind of closed autonomy; its stable and independent conceptual existence is a form of aloofness. And it is here that it becomes susceptible to both the suspicions voiced by Tavora and Siza as well as Pessoa. It is not ¡°style¡± but it has something of style's formulaicness. It is not language, but like language it seems public rather than intimate; like words, types seem to exist independent of us. Thus types were held in suspicion by Tavora and his colleagues because they suggested the possibility of a reified formalization of architecture. And even though the vernacular may have been susceptible to a typological survey and analysis, what was held to be appealing in the vernacular were its qualities of flux, its qualities of historicity—its layering of past and present—that seemed a palimpsest of its becoming. We should note that like the language we speak, type's impersonality is susceptible to that endless reformulation that allows all learned languages to acquire clandestine and utterly unique qualities added by each speaker. The resonance of a word is created by the unique world of each mind, and diction and grammar are shifting sands that reflect the biologically infinite permutation of speakers and history. But types also never lose their fundamental correlation to the historical things by which they steal away from the actual and specific into a realm of remote concepts and categories.
Types would seem to work against one complex and essential aspect of Siza's archeological metaphor. The manner of layering so far described has suggested a simultaneous intimacy and estrangement between the layers of new project and site. The transparency and conceptual incompletion of the formal language of the project that allowed the ¡°intrusion¡± of the site's alienness into its midst is not obviously in the nature of the type. This is so because the type tends to be a closed or at least a finite world, which tends to conceptually close out or reorganize in its own manner what lies outside of it. It may rest archeologically on what precedes it, but it excludes those things through its own internal cohesion.
Siza uses a variety of strategies to ¡°attack¡± this integrity, enabling him to persist in constructing a relationship between site and intervention (as each project should be called in his work) that binds them without naturalizing their relationship. He also deploys certain strategies that metaphorically present the alienness of the type, as an inherited formal construct, in relation to a subject that cannot see itself reflected in that inherited order of architecture.
The Pavilion for the Faculty of Architecture is a U-shaped building, a species of the three-sided courtyard. It is set at one end of an enclosed garden. [...] Perhaps habitual percourses around the edge of the garden drove the logic of a corner entry, now hidden and far from everything else in the garden. The inherited order of the object is treated with the kind of indifference that we might imagine in reinhabiting a ruin, or building the new city around it, as happens in Rome. New windows and doors are cut into an ancient edifice, new street patterns are laid out with no necessary regard for its original order or hierarchy or organization. It is as if the building were a piece of nature to be colonized. I exaggerate to make my point, because clearly each decision of dimension, shape, and location has been considered. But the cumulative rhetorical effect seems to suggest these purposeful contrasts and superimposed counterorders. The building is in many ways, like the pool at Leca, calibrated to its site, yet that calibration feels more like an exploration of how disparate things may be set together, existing simultaneously yet disturbing one another as little as possible. So here now is the found object of the Pavilion; the grass might as well pass right under it. A promenade wends its way around the garden, momentarily leaving hidden this built visitation to the site, and there, in the intimacy of the garden corner, we enter the building. The entry provokes a local eruption in the fabric of the building and an entirely localized figurative event occurs, as if marking the type with an event of human passage, as the stairs, ramps, or other such materials had occurred against the background of the columnar grid in Villa Stein or Villa Savoye. The type then becomes a kind of ideal background for a human promenade, as occurred in Le Corbusier's work against the background of the space idealized by the columnar order.
In the Carlos Siza house, the effect of this artifice of apparently aleatory relationships between different layers of order is more radically visible. This project too is a pinched U. Its central axis is marked by the living room's protruding bay window. Here too entry is made casually from the corner, although in this case one enters into a sort of ambulatory that enfolds the courtyard of the house. In this house the ¡°indifference¡± of site is more radical. The house sits on a raised base. At a certain point along one edge of the site, the raised plot's perimeter wall folds sharply back into the house, passing through one leg of the U and conceptually cutting off three of the bedrooms from the rest of the house. [...] Vision is inscribed as another uncoordinated order into the fabric of the building. The indifference of one order's logic to that of another suggests the independence of each. The rhetorically aleatory nature of their relationships suggests the foreignness of one to the other—that is, they constitute an archeology of architecture, represented by typological formations or as in Leca, with syntactical strategies, site, and the order of the subject. Each is intimately bound to the other, yet alien.
It is possible to trace these themes through many projects. In the Escola Superior de Educacao in Setubal, the three-sided courtyard opens to an undulating landscape that rolls into its arms. Distinct from the University of Virginia example that ought to come to mind, the project does not so much classically frame a landscape beyond its orderly tranquility as much as prompt this very landscape to wash right into its midst. [...] The oddity of the paths to the building, traversing along the rolling grassy landscape from one side, or through an apparently casual closed patio placed at an angle to the long leg of the building, make this building seem to lay unexpectedly upon the ground. Paths unrelated to the logic of the building bring us to the ¡°wrong¡± part of the building to initiate our entry into it. And the internal pattern of circulation carries on to similar effect. We wander the building as vagabonds about the ruins of Rome.
Our trace and mark appear upon the body of Siza's buildings in other ways. Physiognomic figures in facade patterns lend a strangely human aspect of gesture to the body of many of Siza's buildings. In the totemic boxes of the Faculty of Architecture studio buildings (1986-1993), different ¡°characters¡± are detectable, one with close-set eyes, one glancing west, and one, a Cyclops, looking ahead. The skylights of the eastern-most studio seem like a creature from John Hejduk's architectural bestiary. Yet all these gestures are not so surprising; they, like the optical cut in the Carlos Siza house, inscribe within the body of the architecture the roving subject's perceptual experiences. These windows through which we see represent that act of seeing in a rhetorical gesture. Behind, a ramp rises along the face of the classroom and lecture hall building, and the gliding glance that peers out during the ramp's ascent is cut from the building's face—the slope of the roof suggests the ramp inside but is steeper, making the cut of the ribbon window, which follows the angle of the ramp, more palpable as a gash in the facade—that is, the cut is not ¡°explained¡± in relation to the building's sloped profile.
It bears noting that the gateway pairing at the west-end entrance to the Faculty's campus is contradicted by the change in section that runs along the axis that they establish. Entrance is made through a flared vestibule stuck into the face of this sectional change, or up a flight of crossing stairs and into the bottom of the ramp's figure. The markings of path about the building and the anthropomorphisms play similar roles, leaving a trail of marks on the building, suggesting an order of movement and perception overlaid onto the more stable order of forms. The project is set on a steeply inclined bank of the Douro River; the split in section is in fact related to a mosaiclike pattern of platforms into which the embankment is cut. Thus its disruptive role is, again, the superposition of the nonconforming patterns of site and architectural configuration.
One project summarizes particularly well the themes I have tried to highlight in Siza's work. The competition entry for the Monument to the Victims of the Gestapo is somewhat anomalous in a body of work that on no other occasion contains an explicit component of the past's classical vocabulary. Here, eccentrically located in the middle of a large round bowl of landscape, stands an inhabitable doric column. Inside, a spiral staircase nearly fills its shaft and runs up to its capital. The site plan shows the column at the intersection of important axes—one running down the center of the street, another running nearly perpendicular to and from the center of an adjacent building's monumental facade (this latter axis is slightly displaced by the corner of an interceding building). Where the two axes cross stands the column. Yet the column's location, in spite of this apparent logic derived from the larger order of the site, and following baroque notions of monumental urban arrangement, still stands strangely within the immediate surroundings of the monument. [...]
The buildings analyzed in plan all belong to one or another of two principal site geometries. However, I imagine that the effect of moving through the building is to distance one from the city through a certain disorientation, and to allow for a passage into the bowl-shaped park in which the column stands—stranded. Here this explicit emblem and trophy of a past architecture stands removed from its own ¡°natural¡± context—once a component within the syntax and body of a classical building and from its possible normative relationship to the city, established by the classically conceived urban axes, and perceptually undone by the bermed bowl in which it stands isolated—in a garden. Under such conditions it is not unlike those nineteenth-century follies that were merely occasions within the more important order established by the narrative-like sequences of experiences in picturesque garden promenades: in those cases the dominant experience of the folly was not the reconstitution of the historical universe from which the folly came, but a more general and emotive nostalgia for a lost world. Follies, like collections in general, signify not the presence of the collected object so much as the absence of the world from which a relic has been saved. What then is the connection between this project and the purpose to which it is dedicated—a memorial to the victims of the Gestapo? The column appears in the city like some found object of a world lost, its withheld relationship to the larger city only making more poignant the absent world of ordered relationships of which it is an emblem.
The following is possible: The column can be viewed as a relic of a classical past—possibly of that classical humanist past whose vision assumed an organic continuity between man and the world, where man remained linked to the world around him by virtue of the analogy he saw between himself and the forms of the world. His own subjectivity was not rootless among the world's autonomous objects and events, but shared in their order and could thus reform it. He imagined that the image he held of his own developing rationality could infuse the world, and if this rationality produced a humane order, then the world would be humane. Humanism could tame the obdurate alienness of the world by seeing ¡°the human subject¡¦ incorporated into the dance of forms filled by the world¡± and should not be betrayed by this world. The human disaster perpetrated by the Third Reich, driven by an image of history that negated the importance of the individual subject, divides us from such classical humanist hope. The column, once homologous to man and a great emblem of the humanist reciprocity between world and subject, is now only a nostalgic artifact to be collected but incapable of integration within the city that survived the disaster.
It is also possible that the column is full of more frightening associations derived from its historical association with power, and more particularly with the neoclassical affectations of the Third Reich. In this case, we would stumble upon this symbolic structure collected from the wreckage, defanged in its museological park. Both readings (if not many more) are possible, even in one person. As they oscillate, what remains constant is the remoteness of history, its irrecoverability. When the past is conceived of, it is called history, and at that moment under the glass jar of a name it is as remote as is the world from which the items in a collection have been drawn.
The column is a ruin collected from a lost epoch. The pieces of architecture by which we are brought to it, guided in their layout by the geometry of the surrounding urban site, still gather as if merely part of a series of abutted fragments. By passing through them, we happen upon this lone column. The column, sited by an elaboration of the existing site's order, remains unjoined and alien in the city's midst. Such might be a parable of the memory of those victims within present-day Berlin.
Siza's architecture emerged from an epoch that sought to recover from the betrayals of language and the misuse of history. The sense of language's remoteness, the uncertainty of our own relationship to inherited forms and even to the historical soil on which we build, is codified in an architecture that joins subject, land, and language, without suggesting that there is anything natural about such a grouping.